Major problems in elementary education include educational inequality due to socioeconomic and ethnic factors, challenges in teacher quality and training, and a curriculum that may not be effective, leading to issues like rote learning and a lack of focus on critical thinking. Other significant problems involve student well-being, such as bullying, anxiety, and social-emotional development, alongside systemic issues like inadequate funding, poor school infrastructure, and a lack of parental and community involvement. 

Systemic and resource problems

• Funding and resources: Inadequate financial provision for schools, equipment, and ancillary services is a major hurdle. 
• Teacher-related issues: This includes a shortage of trained teachers, particularly in rural areas, and insufficient teacher training in areas like child development and modern pedagogy. 
• Curriculum and pedagogy: Outdated teaching methods, a curriculum that prioritizes rote learning over critical thinking, and a one-size-fits-all approach can hinder student development. 
• Infrastructure: Poor school buildings and a lack of basic amenities are significant issues. 

Student-related problems

• Social and emotional well-being: Bullying, anxiety, depression, and the impact of violence in schools are major concerns for students. 
• Behavioral and developmental challenges: Teachers struggle to adapt to a wide range of student behaviors, while also dealing with issues like short attention spans and the need for more active learning. 
• Student apathy and "wastage": Factors like poverty, child labor, and unattractive school environments contribute to children dropping out or not enrolling, a phenomenon known as "wastage and stagnation". 

Societal and community issues

• Inequality: Educational inequality persists, driven by differences in wealth, ethnicity, and access to technology and other resources. 
• Parental and community involvement: Lack of parental involvement in school activities and community support are significant hindrances. 
• External factors: External influences such as poverty, child labor, family issues, and health problems can impact a child's ability to learn. 
• Language and cultural barriers: In multilingual countries, students can face difficulties learning in a language that is not their mother tongue.